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Objective To explore the effect of remifentanil postconditioning on rats subjected to ischemia reperfusion injury and the relative mechanisms.Methods Seventy-eight Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-250 g, were randomly divided into six groups (n=13): sham group (group S), ischemia/reperfusion group (group IR), naloxone group (group NAL), 5 μg·kg-1·min-1 remifentanil postconditioning group (group R1), 10 μg·kg-1·min-1remifentanil postconditioning group (group R2) and 20 μg·kg-1·min-1remifentanil postconditioning group (group R3).Group IR was given 45 min ischemia in the left descending anterior (LAD), followed by a 24-h period of reperfusion.Groups R1, R2, R3 received 10 min of remifentanil infusion of 5, 10 and 20 μg·kg-1·min-1 after 35 min ischemia followed by a 24 h period of reperfusion.Group NAL was given injection of naloxone 0.1 mg/kg at the point of 25 min myocardial ischemia, after 10 min, then remifentanil 10 μg·kg-1·min-1 for 10 min.The myocardial infarct size and pathological changes of myocardial tissue were observed, serum cTnI, LDH and CK-MB level were measured.Results Compared with group S, serum cTnI, LDH and CK-MB and myocardial infarct size were markedly increased in groups IR, NAL, R1, R2 and R3 (P<0.05), and pathologic injury of myocardial cells were augmented.In comparison with group IR, the indexes were decreased in groups R1, R2 and R3 (P<0.05).Conclusion Remifentanil postconditioning could protect against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.The protection may be related to remifentanil activating the opioid receptors.There were ceiling effects of remifentanil postconditioning induced myocardial protection.
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Objective To explore the protective effect of ozone oxidative preconditioning on hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.Methods Eighteen 8-week-old SPF Sprague-Dawley male rats weighting 250 ～300 g were randomly divided into three groups (n =6 each):sham operation group (group S),ischemia/reperfusion group (group I/R) and ozone oxidative preconditioning group (group O3 + I/R).In Group O3 + I/R,rats received five-day preconditioning treatments by intraperitoneal injection of ozone and oxygen mixed gases (ozone concentration 50 mg/L,1 mg · kg-1 · d-1),and then experienced the procedure of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury.Model of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury was established by clamping the branches of hepatic artery and portal vein in the median and left lateral hepatic lobes for 45 min,followed by 3-h reperfusion.After reperfusion,blood samples were taken from the aorta abdominalis for detecting serum aminotransferases (ALT & AST).These rats were executed and the hepatic tissue samples were collected for measuring hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level.Results Compared with group S,concentrations of serum ALT,AST and hepatic MDA were increased in group I/R and O3 + I/R;concentrations of hepatic SOD were decreased (P ＜ 0.05) in group I/R,but concentration of hepatic SOD was increased in group O3 + I/R.Compared with group IR,concentrations of serum ALT,AST and hepatic MDA were decreased,while concentration of hepatic SOD was increased in group O3 + I/R (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Ozone oxidative preconditioning could inhibit the lipid peroxidation to protect the rats against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Objective To evaluate the value of ultrasound-guided nasotracheal intubation in the patients undergoing oral maxillofacial surgery by comparing with blind intubation.Methods Forty ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged 18-75 yr,weighing 45-90 kg,scheduled for elective oral maxillofacial surgery,were randomly divided into blind intubation group (group B,n =20) and ultrasound group (group U,n =20) according to a random number table.Nasotracheal intubation was performed after routine topical analgesia and conscious sedation.The front end of catheter was adjusted to the aditus glottidis according to the sound of respiratory air,and tracheal intubation was placed when the strongest inspiratory phase appeared in group B.A linear array probe (frequency 7-15 MHz) was used,and the images of glottis expansion and wired catheter insertion were visualized in the thyroid cartilage window in U group.Before intubation and at 0,1,3 and 5 min after successful intubation,mean arterial pressure (MAP),HR and SpO2 were recorded.The development of responses to intubation was recorded during intubation.The successful intubation at first attempt,the number of intubation,intubation time,and postoperative complications such as sore throat or hoarseness were recorded.Results Compared with group B,the number of intubation was significantly reduced,intubation time was shortened,the rate of successful intubation at first attempt was increased,the failure rate of intubation and incidence of sore throat and hoarseness were decreased,and no significant changes were found in the parameters of hemodynamics and incidence of responses to intubation in group U.No intraoperative awareness of intubation occurred in patients.Conclusion Compared with blind intubation,ultrasound-guided nasotracheal intubation can raise the probability of successful intubation at first attempt,reduce the number of intubation,and shorten intubation time,and it is safe and convenient and provides significant value clinically for the patients undergoing oral maxillofacial surgery.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of remifentanil preconditioning on hepatic ischemiarepeffusion (I/R) injury in rats with liver cirrhosis.Methods Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 160180 g,received 40％ tetrachloride carbon 3 ml/kg (in peanut oil) intragastrically twice a week for 8 weeks to induce liver cirrhosis.Thirty-five rats with liver cirrhosis were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =7 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),group I/R,and preconditioning with different does of remifentanil groups (R1,R2 and R3 groups).Hepatic I/R injury was induced by clamping the branches of hepatic artery,portal vein and common bile duct in the left and median hepatic lobes for 30 min followed by 90 min reperfusion in anesthetized rats with liver cirrhosis.In R1,R2 and R3 groups,remifentanil was infused intravenously at 0.4,2.0 and 10.0 μg· kg-1· min-1 for 15 min,respectively,and the rats were exposed to ischemia for 30 min followed by 30 reperfusion starting from 10 min after infusion was stopped.At 90 min of reperfusion,blood samples were collected from the abdominal aorta for determination of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities.The rats were then sacrificed and livers were removed for determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity,malondialdehyde (MDA) content,and expression of activated caspase-3 (using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis) and for detection of cell apoptosis in hepatic tissues.Apoptotic index was calculated.Results Compared with group S,the serum ALT and AST activities,MDA content and apoptotic index were significantly increased,SOD activity was decreased,and the expression of activated caspase-3 was up-regulated in I/R,R1,R2 and R3 groups.Compared with group I/R,no significant changes were found in the indexes mentioned above in group I/R,and the serum ALT and AST activities,MDA coment and apoptotic index were significantly decreased,SOD activity was increased,and the expression of activated caspase-3 was down-regulated in R2 and R3 groups.Conclusion Remifentanil preconditioning can reduce hepatic I/R injury in rats with liver cirrhosis,and the mechanism is related to inhibition of the lipid peroxidation and cell apoptosis.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the intraocular pressure during laparoscopic gastrectomy.Methods Forty ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged 34-64 yr,weighing 45-81 kg,scheduled for elective laparoscopic gastrectomy,were randomly divided into 2 groups with 20 patients in each group using a random number table:control group (group C) and dexmedetomidine group (group D).In group D,a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 1.0 μg/kg was infused intravenously over 15 min,followed by continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine at 0.4 μg·kg-1 · h-1 until the end of surgery.In group C,normal saline 0.25 ml/kg was infused intravenously over 15 min,followed by continuous infusion of normal saline at 0.1 ml·kg-1 · h-1 until the end of surgery.Anesthesia was induced with propofol,sufentanil and rocuronium.After tracheal intubation,intermittent positive pressure ventilation was carried out.PET CO2 was maintained at 33-36 mmHg.Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane,propofol,cisatracurium and sufentanil.The pressure of carbon dioxide insufflation was maintained at 9-14 mmHg and airway pressure was maintained at 11-23 cmH2O.Intraocular pressure was measured at 5 min after intubation (T1),at 5,30 and 60 min of pneumoperitoneum (T2-4),and at 5,30 and 60 min after pneumoperitoneum (T5-6).Results Compared with the value at T1,intraocular pressure was significantly increased at T2-6 in group C,and intraocular pressure was increased at T3-5 in group D.Intraocular pressure was significantly lower at T3-5 in group D than in group C.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can decrease the intraocular pressure during laparoscopic gastrectomy.
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Objective To investigate the effect of remifentanil preconditioning on hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury to human hepatocytes.Methods Human HL7702 hepatocytes were cultured in vitro and randomly divided into 6 groups (n =16 each):control group (group C),H/R group,preconditioning with low,median and high concentrations of remifentanil groups (groups RP1-3) and normal saline group (group NS).H/R was produced by 8 h exposure of cells to 94％ N2-5％ CO2-1％ O2 in glucose-free DMEM liquid culture medium followed by 4 h reoxygenation.Remifentanil with the final concentrations of 0.5,5.0 and 50.0 ng/ml were added before hypoxia in groups RP1-3 respectively.Normal saline equal to the volume of remifentanil was added before hypoxia,the culture medium was replaced with glucose-free DMEM liquid culture medium 1 b later and H/R was produced in group NS.At 4 h of reoxygenation,the cell viability was measured by MTT,and activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT),aspartate amino transferase (AST) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in the culture medium and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the cells were determined.The cell morphology was also examined.Results Compared with group C,the cell viability was significantly decreased,the activities of AST,ALT and LDH in the culture medium and MDA content in the cells were significantly increased in the other groups (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with groups H/R and NS,the cell viability was significantly increased,the activities of AST and LDH in the culture medium and MDA content in the cells were significantly decreased in group RP2 (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in groups RP1 and RP3 (P ＞ 0.05).The degree of damage to the hepatocytes was significantly reduced in group H/R compared with group RP2,and comparable in groups H/R,RP1 and RP3.Conclusion Preconditioning with the median concentration of remifentanil (5 ng/ml) can reduce H/ R injury to the human hepatocytes,while the low (0.5 ng/ml) or high (50 ng/ml) concentration of remifentanil has no such effect.
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BACKGROUND:There is a group of leukemic stem cell (LSC) in patients with leukemia. These malignant stern cells, although rare, but self-renewal, with a certain degree of differentiation is the existence of leukemic cells and causes of their continued proliferation. Intervention of leukemia-specific targeted treatment drugs has become a research hotspot in recent years. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of traditional medicine compound on expression of flt3 and N-ras mRNA in LSCs. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A randomized, grouping experiment was performed at the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from September 2007 to December 2008.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 50 cases of acute myelocytic leukemia admitted to Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Qilu Hospital of Shandong University between 2006 and 2007 were selected, including 5 cases of type FAB, 15 of M2, 9 of M4 and 21 of M5.METHODS: Original prescription: Huangqi, Hedyotic diffusa, Xiaoji, Taizishen, Banzhilian, Pugongying, Rehmannia dride rhizome, Huangjing, Nuzhenzi, ecliptae herba, Tiandong, Maidong, Baizhu, Fuling, Liquorice root. Fuzheng prescription: Huangqi, Hedyotic diffusa, Xiaoji, Banzhilian, Pugongying, ecliptae herba. Preparation: the above-mentioned three groups of drugs were prepared into 1 g/mL medicine liquid by Laboratory of Chinese Drug Preparation of Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. When it was negative in sterility test, the liquid was filtrated and sterilized. 5 mL bone marrow was separately harvested from M1, M2, M4, and M5 leukemia patients, diluted and placed in lymphocyte isolation solution. LSCs were purified by magnetic activated cell sorting and flow cytometry. The cell concentration was adjusted to 2×108/L and divided into 4 groups: control (no treatment), and three experimental groups (treated separately with original, Fuzheng, Quxie prescriptions at final concentration of 100 mg/L). The cells were cultured for 48 additional hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expressions of Flt3 and N-ras in LSCs. RESULTS: The expression of flt3 in three experimental groups was significantly decreased compared with control group (P < 0.05), in particular, original prescription group decreased the most (P<0.05), and no significant difference was found between Fuzheng and the Quxie prescription groups (P>0.05). The expression of N-ras in four groups was similar to Flt3. CONCLUSION: Flt3 and N-ras mRNA were overexpressed in LSCs. Chinese medicine original prescription and its Fuzheng or Quxie prescriptions decreased Flt3 and N-ras mRNA expression.
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AIM:The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the ratio of transcription factors T-bet/GATA-3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)and the imbalance of Th1/Th2 cytokines from patients with asthma,and to examine whether and how CpG ODN intervention would restore the imbalanced Th1/Th2 profile in asthma patients.METHODS:Three groups of subjects with asthma(asthma group),chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD group),and normal controls(control group)were included in this study.T-bet,GATA-3 and TLR9 mRNA levels were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Th1 cytokine IFN-? and Th2 cytokines IL-4,IL-5 and IL-13 were measured by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay(ELISA)in asthma group.Cultured PBMCs from asthma patients with CpG ODN incubation were collected for measuring T-bet,GATA-3 mRNA and TLR9 mRNA.RESULTS:The ratio of T-bet/GATA-3 in asthma group was significantly lower than that in the COPD group and control group.The serum levels of IL-4,IL-5 and IL-13 had positive correlation with the ratio of T-bet/GATA-3 in asthmatic patients,and the lower serum level of IFN-? had negative correlation with the ratio.The TLR9 mRNA expression in asthma was significantly attenuated than that in COPD group and control group.Consequently,the ratio of T-bet/GATA-3 in CpG group was significantly enhanced than that in control group.CONCLUSION:These results indicate that the ratio of T-bet/GATA-3 in asthma is decreased and could represent the imbalance of Th1/Th2 cells.CpG ODN influences the ratio of T-bet/GATA-3,upregulating the T-bet mRNA expression and downregulating the GATA-3 mRNA expression,which is able to reverse the imbalance of Th1/Th2 cells.CpG-ODN may be a promising therapeutic target for asthma.